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An impedance-based device can suggest an upper bound on fat %. For example digital scale or handheld impedance device.

My DXA was significantly lower than indicated by my impedance-based so-called “smart” scale. Calipers to measure fat % are prone to error, as are tape measurements and their associated formulae.

Comparing to photographs of one's body shape vs DXA scan fat % is at least as accurate as an impedance measurement.